Case Study on Acute Coronary Syndrome

Question: Examine about the Case Study on Acute Coronary Syndrome. Answer: Presentation Intense Coronary Syndrome alludes to various conditions with basic Pathophysiology, which might be alluded to as cardiovascular failure, apoplexy in the coronary supply route, or shaky angina. ACS prompts the demise of part of heart tissues or may render an area of the heart non-utilitarian, in the event that it isn't treated inside a short time(Carney 2013). This contextual investigation clarifies the job of the medical attendant in appraisal treatment and evaluation of an ACS case, giving signs and side effects that are normal for an individual enduring an ACS. Andrew Tailor who is a 48-year-old individual, a secondary school physical training instructor released from the orthopedic ward because of a left knee remaking the past 3 days obviously shows with ACS manifestations on his date of release. As a medical caretaker, I notice that he is diverted and even looks pale. Further signs and side effects that make me speculate that he could be enduring a respiratory failure. The signs and manifestations that he presents with incorporate focal chest torment, awkward chest snugness since morning, diaphoresis, and cool peripheries, respiratory rate at18, the heart is 115/60 and his SpO2 at a 97% on room air. This report incorporates subtleties of my underlying appraisal and the executives of Andrew Tailor. Further subtleties incorporate how I would utilize the PQRST memory helper to direct a methodical evaluation of Andrews chest torment, five nursing needs for that I could give to as an enlisted nurture, including the reason clarifying how every one of the needs can address and additionally is identified with ACS Pathophysiology. Orderly Assessment of Andrews Chest Pain Using the PQRST memory aide As a Registered Nurse, I will asses Andrews torment utilizing the PQRST mental aide. I will at that point record the reactions, so as to give the correct medicine methods. All things being equal, since the manifestations suggest a potential coronary failure, I will do as such, in an extremely brief period as I call the emergency vehicle. Incitement In the initial step, I will request the incitement of the torment, which Andrew feels in the chest. Ciaramelli et al(2015), shows that the patient ought to demonstrate the action they were taking part in when they began feeling the chest torment so as to discover prompts the condition. In such manner, I will look for data on what movement causes the agony to go or intensify. In reacting to these initial two inquiries, the patient would in all likelihood have the option to respond to the third inquiry, on what action can trigger the chest torment, the distress in the chest and the brevity of breath. Since Andrew had been in the orthopedic ward for the past three days, I will look for data as on which specific situation of sitting, dozing, or standing causes a great part of the agony in the chest. For this situation, I will likewise look for data on what causes the agony to go or which position that Andrew takes so as to see the torment vanish. The patient ought to likewise give data o n in the case of changing positions or resting soothes torment. On the off chance that twisting, lying on bed, or strolling disturbs Andrewss torment, at that point I will likewise take note of this in the analysis. Quality/Quantity In such manner, I will request that Tailor clarify further on the uneasiness he feels. I will furnish the patient with various terms with which he can depict his chest torment. These incorporate terms, for example, sharp, dull, slight, and broad torment. In this, I will arrange the condition as angina or un-angina. Angina for this situation is a sharp torment that continue for long and will in general be spiral. Area/Radiation While Tailor has just demonstrated that his agony is at the focal piece of the chest, I will look for answers on whether the torment transmits or not. This is on the grounds that over the top and emanating chest agony could suggest the likelihood of myocardial ischemia. As a games individual he would supported other inner wounds, not analyzed before at the orthopedic segment of the wellbeing office. The patient ought to clarify how the torment ventures or whether it is limited to the chest alone(Heradstveit Heltne 2014). Further, I will request that Tailor show whether the torment began from elsewhere before moving to the focal piece of the chest as demonstrated in his brief after his release. Seriousness Scale For this situation, I will request that the patient demonstrate the agony seriousness on a size of somewhere in the range of 0 and 10, where zero methods no torment while 10 infers most noticeably terrible torment that Andrew Tailor has ever felt in his life. I will likewise let him to clarify whether he wants to complete physical exercises with such torment. He needs to demonstrate how awful the chest torment is best case scenario level as per Al-Ziarjawey (2015). For example, on the off chance that it drives him to sit, rests or even moderate his developments. Further, the patient ought to demonstrate to what extent one scene of his chest torment endures. Timing For this situation, I will look to comprehend and archive the time the particular time the torment began separated from his general reactions subsequent to being released. Since Tailor demonstrates that the torment had begun the morning he has released, at that point, he ought to be capable show to what extent it endured after he felt it just because. As per Heradstveit Heltne (2014), the patient ought to likewise show how frequently the torment happens and what he was doing toward the beginning of the day when he previously encountered the focal chest torment. Now, I will request that Andrew state other extra signs and manifestations that he encounters a section from diaphoresis, perspiring and cooling of his legs and the hands, the brevity in breath and the sentiment of a clogged chest. The initial five nursing needs for Andrew Coming up next are the initial five nursing needs for an instance of Acute Coronary Syndrome conditions. Prompt ECG and transportation of patient to the crisis office ECG assurance will assist me with noting the electrical working of the heart and simultaneously comprehend the blood stream conduct in the heart muscles. Organization of 324 mg Aspirin, beta-blockers, and morphine-Aspirin and beta-blockers can utilize on the other hand to actuate reperfusion and to forestall myocardial localized necrosis in the patient. Morphine then again will fill in as a torment reliever since the torment is by all accounts focusing on the patient. Prompt Starting of the Patient on Oxygen and Monitoring his condition-Since Andrews SpO2 is 97%, it is important that he be put on Oxygen through the nasal cannula, before taking him to the crisis division. This will help renew the oxygen levels back above 98% so as to lessen both diaphoresis and cooling of the peripheries because of need diminished blood stream to these areas. Organization of Cardiac Markers-Cardiac markers like the Troponin hormone actuates heart muscle compression and in this manner helps trigger reperfusion. It will likewise settle the pulse and in this manner forestall myocardial localized necrosis. Organization of Anticoagulants-Anticoagulants, for example, UFH will forestall blood coagulation in the body. In any case, since the patient as of late experienced knee recreation, I will utilize fondapiranux, a coagulant that has lesser coagulation impact, to forestall seeping at the injury. Basis of the Management Strategies for ACS Prompt ECG and transportation of patient to the crisis division The primary measure I should take is to utilize the electrocardiogram (ECG), to evaluate the patients heart strong and electrical working. Being a two-phase siphon that is electrical, it is important to gauge the myocardial electrical movement in the initial five minutes, since it is a significant documentation to be utilized by a getting doctor at the crisis department(Pengo 2009). This gadget will help in giving proof on the blood stream to the myocardium, through the coronary conduit especially. Noticing that he has an intense coronary condition and therefore could experience the ill effects of myocardial dead tissue and conceivable hazardous ischemia assault, I would require a rescue vehicle and transport him to the crisis division. I will give the accepting doctor at the Emergency office with my report. From Pathophysiology of ACS, obviously any deferrals could prompt myocardial localized necrosis and the demise of muscle cells(Pengo 2009). Further impediment of the coronary vei n because of coagulated blood, and even that happens in a brief time, could prompt cardiovascular breakdown and death(Lv 2013). Studies show that heart related illnesses are among the hazardous conditions today (Reshma 2014). Along these lines, quick clinical consideration of Tailor Andrew is essential, to forestall further myocardial localized necrosis and blood coagulation. Organization of Aspirin, beta blockers and morphine The primary move of a medical caretaker is consistently to balance out the patient before overseeing other treatment measures. Along these lines, I would quickly give him 324 mg of Aspirin while he is being moved to the Emergency Department, on the off chance that he shows that he is never oversensitive to the medication. Headache medicine fills in as an anticoagulant and whenever managed alongside morphine, the patient balances out as the torment additionally is calmed, decreasing the whiteness, diaphoresis, and stress(Lv 2013). On the off chance that the patient demonstrates that he is hypersensitive to headache medicine, I will regulate P2Y12 inhibitors alone and illuminate the getting doctor regarding the equivalent, so as to proceed with the organization indefinitely(Funk Duvernoy 2015). There is have to control beta-blockers as they diminish mortality of the myocardium, readmission, and the re-localized necrosis in instances of coronary vein condition. As indicated by the Cente rs for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in John Bhatt (2004), there is have to oversee the beta-blockers likewise in instances of Acute Myocardial Infarction in patients. Quick Starting of the Patient on Oxygen and Monitoring Since Andrews SpO2 is 97%, it is vital that he be put on Oxygen through the nasal cannula, when Tailor shows up at the crisis office. From the Pathophysiology of ACS, obviously there is less

Brief Overview of The Freedmens Bureau

Brief Overview of The Freedmens Bureau The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, otherwise called the Freedmen’s Bureau was set up in 1865 to help recently liberated African-Americans and uprooted whites following the Civil War. The Freedmen’s Bureau furnished liberated African-Americans and whites with cover, food, work help, and training. The Freedmen’s Bureau is viewed as the primary government organization committed to the social government assistance of Americans.â For what reason was the Freedmen's Bureau Established? In February of 1862, abolitionist and columnist George William Curtis kept in touch with the Treasury Department proposing that a government organization be built up to support once subjugated individuals. The next month, Curtis distributed a publication pushing for such an office. Subsequently, abolitionists, for example, Francis Shaw started campaigning for such an organization. Both Shaw and Curtis helped Senator Charles Sumner draft the Freedmen’s Bill-one of the initial steps to building up the Freedmen’s Bureau. Following the Civil War, the South was devastatedfarms, railways, and streets had all been decimated, and there were an expected 4,000,000 African-Americans who had been liberated at this point had no food or sanctuary. Many were likewise ignorant and needed to go to school.â Congress set up the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. This organization was otherwise called the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865. Made as a hiring organization, the Freedmen’s Bureau was a piece of the War Department, which was going by General Oliver Otis Howard. Giving help to both African-Americans and whites who were dislodged following the Civil War, the Freedmen’s Bureau offered cover, fundamental clinical consideration, work help and instructive services.â Andrew Johnson's Opposition to the Freedmen's Bureau Only one year after its foundation, Congress passed another Freedmen’s Bureau Act. Thus, the Freedmen’s Bureau was not just going to introduce for an additional two years, however the U.S. Armed force was directed to ensure the social liberties of African-Americans in previous Confederate states. Nonetheless, previous President Andrew Johnsonâ vetoed the bill. Not long after Johnson sent Generals John Steedman and Joseph Fullerton to visit destinations of the Freedmen’s Bureau. The motivation behind the generals’ visit was to uncover that the Freedmen’s Bureau was ineffective. By the by, numerous southern African-Americans upheld the Freedmen’s Bureau in light of the guide and security provided.â Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act for the second time in July of 1866. In spite of the fact that Johnson vetoed the demonstration once more, Congress superseded his activity. Thus, the Freedmen’s Bureau Act became law.â What Other Obstacles Did the Freedmen's Bureau Face? Regardless of the assets that the Freedmen’s Bureau had the option to give to recently liberated African-Americans and dislodged whites, the organization confronted numerous issues. The Freedmen’s Bureau never got enough financing to accommodate individuals out of luck. Furthermore, the Freedmen’s Bureau just had an expected 900 operators all through southern states. What's more, notwithstanding the resistance that Johnson introduced in the presence of the Freedmen’s Bureau, white southerners spoke to their political delegates at the nearby and state levels to end crafted by the Freedmen’s Bureau. Simultaneously, many white northerners contradicted giving alleviation exclusively to African-Americans following the Civil War.â What Led to the Demise of the Freedmen's Bureau? In July of 1868, Congress passed a law that shut the Freedmen’s Bureau. By 1869, General Howard had finished the majority of the projects related with the Freedmen’s Bureau. The main program that stayed in activity was its instructive services. The Freedmen’s Bureau shut totally in 1872. Following the end of the Freedmen’s Bureau, editorialist George William Curtis composed, No organization was perpetually critically fundamental, and none has been all the more useful. Additionally, Curtis concurred with the contention that the Freedmen’s Bureau had turned away a â€Å"war of races,† which permitted the South to reconstruct itself following the Civil War.

4 Ways to Be More Outgoing

4 Ways to Be More Outgoing More in Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment and Therapy Work and School Related Conditions If you find it difficult to strike up a conversation with someone you dont know, painful to participate in a discussion with co-workers, or stressful to attend a party where you know only a few people, you arent alone. But that doesnt mean you have to stay on the conversational sidelines. With a few little tweaks to your style, you can become more outgoing, more relaxed in social situations, and more likely to have fun when youre in the company of others. Here are some tips to get you started. Start With Small Steps Start by taking small steps towards establishing contact with the people around you be they strangers, acquaintances, colleagues, or friends.  Eye contact and small, friendly gestures can go a long way. They say that smiles are contagious. So, if someone looks directly at you when you’re shopping at the grocery store, on the train on your way to work, or sitting in the break room at the office, smile at them. You will find that most people react positively and are likely to smile back. Use that returned smile as an instant confidence booster. After mastering the smile, graduate to saying hello, asking someone for advice, or giving a compliment. The more that you get used to establishing communication with strangers and acquaintances, the easier it becomes and more natural it feels to be outgoing. Youll also find that being friendly and nice to those around you feels good. Youll often receive positive feedback in return, which will help develop the self-confidence that is useful in virtually every social setting. Use Your Mutual Connections Its easy to hang with the people who make you feel comfortable and safe, but never branching out can be detrimental in both social and professional environments. One of the easiest ways to become more outgoing is to ask your friends, colleagues, or classmates to introduce you to their friends. For example, if you walk into a room and your friend is talking to someone else, make a point to say hello and introduce yourself. The next time you see that person, you can say hello and, since you have already been introduced, you have built a bridge into future communication. Once youve made a connection, ask the person questions about themselves. One of the best ways to strike up a conversation and keep it going is to ask open-ended questions and actively listen as they take it from there. This is also a great trick if you find that youre unsure what to talk about or are uncomfortable with small talk. Step Outside Your Comfort Zone Doing something that makes you feel a little uncomfortable is the easiest way to boost your confidence and help you become a more outgoing version of yourself. With each little victory, youll gain the confidence to step further and further outside your comfort zone. If you keep seeing signs for a club or class youre interested in, go to one meeting to test the waters. There is not any harm in trying. Do your best to counteract the inner voice telling that you can’t do something or defining yourself by what you think you should be doing instead. If you have never danced before but want to take a salsa lesson, try it out. Do things because they interest you, not because they are the things you have always done. Don’t Sweat the Little Things It is easy to get so caught up in your self-image that being quiet or reserved can feel like the safest choice. But being outgoing offers you the chance to try new things and meet new people. At the end of the day, no one is going to remember how nervous you sounded the first couple of times you met them; they will remember you as the person who made an effort to reach out, who wasnt afraid to ask a question in a group, and who had something nice to say at the end of a conversation. Not sure how to end it? Practice this conversational closing: It was great talking to you. Lets do this again!

Functionalism, Conflict, And The Education System

Functionalism, Conflict, and the Education System The structural-functional theory also known as functionalism is sociological theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Functionalists view education as a contribution to the smooth inner working of society. Education is a lifelong process, we are constantly learning new things and deepening our knowledge of things we already know. The education system works to prepare individuals to become fully functioning members of society. It works to teach people certain skills that will help them to be successful in life. However, education not only teaches people the skills they will need to be successful in life, but it also teaches them how to be decent citizens and to work well with others. Many people view education are a service to the overall function of society. Talcott Parsons’ views education as a port of meritocracy. Meritocracy is a word used to describe that ev eryone is entitled to equal opportunity. He believes that education forms a sort of bridge between family life and society. Parsons believes that education works to instill the values of competition, equality, and individualism in the young minds of students. The meritocracy of the education system just means that everyone is entitled to the right to learn and has the same opportunity to learn. Parsons believes that achievement and rewards are determined by an individual’s effort and ability. TwoShow MoreRelatedThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence the individual behaviors that impact society in a micro or macro way. The second theoretical framework is the conflict theory, it examines the rift between the rich and the poor and how it affects the quality of education, health care, and living condition of said group. Thirdly, the functionalist theory, which compares society to a system of interrelated parts, it’s a social system not just an individual. Each frame work plays part in the issue when an economy declines which causes many familiesRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Marxist and Functionalist Interpretations of Education in Society1582 Words   |  7 Pages Sociology Essay Compare and contrast the Marxist and functionalist interpretations of education in society. The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare them for working life in the economy, also to integrate individuals and teach them the norms, values and roles within society. 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Today, sociology has three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict. â€Å"Symbolic interaction refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation and adjustment between individuals,† (Baird and Kaufmann) humans will interpret different meanings in everyday life, from having a conversation or using theirRead MoreMarxist vs Functionalist View of Ed815 Words   |  4 PagesFUNCTIONALIST AND MARXIST VIEWS ON EDUCATION (20 marks) The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare them for working life, also to integrate individuals and teach them the norms, values and roles within society. Functionalism and Marxism are the two main perspectives which will be studied; Marxism is a structural conflict sociological theory whereas functionalism is a structural consensus sociological theory. Functionalism sees society as a whole. It is oftenRead MoreSociology Of The Breakfast Club Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagessmallest details (p.17). There are three major analytical models in sociology that include functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction. Both functionalism and conflict theory are macro-level and symbolic interaction is micro-level (Macionis, P.19). Each one looks at society in a different way and can in this paper I will analyze the movie â€Å"The Breakfast Club† using these perspectives. Functionalism looks at society in aspects of how it contributes to the steadiness/cohesion of the wholeRead MoreSociological Theories And The Structural Functional Theory1356 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as functionalism, it is a framework for building theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. Important concepts in the perspective of functionalism include social structure, social functions, latent functions and manifest functions. A few examples of structural functional theory are in families, communities, religious organizations and certain rituals such as a handshaking give structure to our everyday lives. Functionalism is aRead More A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society1130 Words   |  5 PagesFunctionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have their own role to play (their own function), and work together smoothly in order to form a harmonious whole (macro). The metaphor often used to describe functionalism is that it views society as a body, with the different socialisation agents —government, media, religion, the family, etc., and, of course, education—being like the different organs

The Role Of Children During The Civil War - 877 Words

Throughout history many people, places, and ideas have been forgotten, and then there are some that we can never forget. These memories can be different for all societies and cultures. The events that are remembered not only affect those living today, but changes the way future generations live. This type of memory was especially prevalent during the American civil war. It affected the soldiers fighting in the war as well as the children of those who fought. It is vital that we have an awareness about the role of children in the Civil War. The understanding of the children in the civil war is important because it shaped the variety of individuals’ affected, motivated troops to continue fighting, and formed race relationships that would define our country for decades to come. It also helps to show how it is the responsibility of historians to inculcate their audiences to the consequences of past events on all levels to influence decision making on contemporary issues. The Ameri can Civil War took many people from a variety of different backgrounds and bring them all together to be affected by the same sets of ideas. This began to shape the children of the Civil War from all walks of life. Children who lived through the war made it a pivotal moment in their memories which caused them to attribute many of the social, and political characteristics to experiences gained during the war. It also affected the children differently depending on where they lived. The northern childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women During the post-war period women were getting more opportunities and freedoms within society, while at the same time getting more limitations. Using one’s maternal instinct was a concept that was heavily stressed during this period and made a big impact on their home life and work life. The Cold War was a time where women had a lot of responsibilities to both their family but also society. They were the caretakers and had an incredible amount of work to do in preparation of nuclearRead MoreThe Influence Of Influence On Women s Life During The Civil War1498 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Influences in Women’s Lives During the Civil War When we think of the Civil War, many think of the sacrifices and influences of the men during this time. Women of the Civil War however, were also active participants of making history (Fahs). The Civil War was the first account in history where women had an active role throughout a war. It was their first opportunity to make a difference in our country’s history. Their lives before the war were that of being proper while working toRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1329 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think of the Civil War, many think of the sacrifices and influences of the men during this time. Women of the Civil War however, were also active participants of making history. Their lives before the war were that of being proper. Their focus was working to maintain and support their families. The Civil War stole away the life as women knew it and placed them into a whole different role- one that was much more difficult both physically and emotionally. Women of both the Nort h and theRead MoreBrave And Strong Women During The Civil War Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pages Brave and Strong Women in the Civil War Keyamber Ford Central High School November 9, 2015 4th Period â€Æ' Abstract Women in the Civil War were basically the beginning of a movement, because many people thought that women could not accomplish fighting in a war. The role of women in the Civil War failed to be noticed by people in history. Women’s roles prior to the Civil War were to take care of home and family. Single women or those who were poor could find work outside the homeRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1553 Words   |  7 PagesWomen of the Civil War The Civil War is a very important part of American history – simply put, it determined what kind of nation the United States would be. The Civil War resolved whether the United States is what determined the survival of the Union or whether the Confederacy would gain independence. It is the battle that determined whether the largest slaveholding country in the world would continue to exist as such since it thrived on the fundamental idea that â€Å"all men are created with an equalRead MoreThe Barry/Bradford Family1442 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the early eighteen hundreds, many southerners entangled themselves and their families in the Civil War. The Civil War caused many men to turn against one another, and the war affected family life as well. â€Å"Approximately 620,000 soldiers died from combat, accident, starvation, and disease during the Civil War.† Most of the battles took place in the South, though some did take place in the North and the West. Southern poli tics and government changed greatly during this time with the new focusRead MoreFor Cause And Comrades By James M. Mcpherson1705 Words   |  7 Pages250 private journals from Civil War soldiers—both Union and Confederate—in his attempt to explain what possessed these men to endure the roaring, gruesome chaos of war. What better way to express the motivation behind fighting than words straight from the pens of the men who were physically there and experienced the Civil War to its fullest? I personally feel as though McPherson succeeded in his explanation of the different driving forces that kept each man going during these difficult years of battleRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Civil War1418 Words   |  6 Pages The Roles of Women in the Civil War Lakiya Saunders Central High School November 9, 2015 3rd Period â€Æ' Abstract Women’s role in the civil war is very important. One point of time in life women did not have any other role but mother and wife. Being able to help out with war, no matter what it was you were doing was a big turning point for women back then. It brought women a little independence, it gave women a name. The Roles of Women in the Civil War During my research I found several rolesRead MoreWomen s Role During The Civil War1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil War (Biography.com Editors 2). Women during this time threw away their old ways of being a housewife and everyone helped contribute in the war somehow, whether if they were young or old they helped (History.com Staff 1). Though not often mentioned, women played a huge role in the Civil War. The Women stood up to the plate during the Civil War. The Women s role before the Civil War cleaned, cooked, and took care of their children while the men always worked. During the Civil War, whileRead MoreReconciliation Between Trauma And Healing And Reconciliation1501 Words   |  7 PagesMoreover, fostering a civil society is pivotal in rebuilding a nation. Many scholars have different meanings and interpretations on what civil society actually means. According to Thania Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk, a civil society can be looked as an â€Å"arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and values As a public sphere where citizens and voluntary organizations freely engage, it is distinct from the state, the family and the market, although since civil society is closely

People Judge Appearances Essay - 1208 Words

Meixner Essay #4 December 2, 2008 â€Å"A Smile Is Worth So Much More† People often judge or misperceive others appearances in a less than equal manner before they even know the true nature of the person. Every day we make assumptions by what we can see physically. Even in the supermarkets, we distinguish good products from bad products based on how they look. We are apt to choose good-looking products because they don’t have flaws, cracks, and bruises. Moreover, we assume them to have good qualities and good tastes. Actually, taste doesn’t deal with its looking. However, we bias in favor of assuming human nature. Since people judge human beings based on how they look, it is called prejudice. In fact, prejudice just disadvantage†¦show more content†¦For example, a person could be vulgar and uncouth. Many people find this kind of behavior offensive of course, but some may find it relieving that a person could be so honest to how they feel by not holding back. In the matter of being too n ice, I have found that through high school and my time in college I always have been seen as the nice guy. Everyone has always seen me as the nice person. Sometimes it is aggravating to be called that but I rather have that than some other name with a negative connotation. Some friends have introduced me to their friends as Crecencio the nice guy, which totally limits me in the very beginning of our relationship. It is true that I do care for other peoples feelings and ideas. I just try to be the best Guy that I can be, not by religion or by influence, but that is just how most Pisces are. I cannot help it; it is just how we are. That may not be the real reason, but I do not know where I get it. Being known as such a nice person also has its disadvantages on the dating scene also. I have no clue why it is, but most woman want the nice guy as just a friend for a shoulder to cry on or the friend that they can tell their most deepest and darkest secrets too. Sometimes I really a sk myself why do they do that? Who knows the real reason; every woman has a different reason for why doing this.Show MoreRelatedPhysical Appearance Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1085 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2015 Physical Appearance In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley shows that appearance does not represent internal character by the use of contrasting characters. Shelley uses the characters of the monster and Victor to show that looks don’t determine your personality. Physical appearance is related to internal character due to the fact that people judge on looks before anything else. Social media, making people more concerned with their looks, has influenced the importance of appearance. Different studiesRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 PagesPeople are too quick to judge something by its first appearance: The theme that something or someone should not be judged on first appearances should be an obvious fact known to everyone. Appearances do not always reflect reality and our society is often too quick to judge human beings and objects by their visual appearance without discovering more about the person or object. This appears to be a prominent recurring theme throughout the novel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by RobertRead MorePhysical Appearance Discrimination At The Workplace917 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical Appearance Discrimination in the Workplace â€Å"To be human is to discriminate† (25). Unfortunately it is only natural as human beings to judge and discriminate other people based on appearance, yet no one wants to be judged based on their looks. So who are we to judge? No two people have the same looks, the same talents, or the same capabilities. Everyone is unique in their own way. One’s physical appearance does not always reflect their skill set or work ethic. Therefore, I believe it isRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Brent Staples 1091 Words   |  5 PagesDon’t judge Others It has been said, â€Å"Judging a person does not define who they are†¦but defines who you are.† Being judged is discrimination toward a person’s character. Discrimination is a practice to judge others based on their person beliefs. There are many areas in which people are judge others such as appearance, beliefs, race and religion. People discriminate against others because they base their judgment off appearance. We all are human and we all should be treated equal. In this case, BrentRead MoreApperance vs Reailty1007 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth- Appearance vs. Reality through Imagery of Clothing â€Å"In the end, people should be judged by their actions since in the end; it was actions that defined everyone† (Nicholas Sparks). Do you judge a person based upon their appearance? If you do, Shakespeare taught me not to through his famous tragic play Macbeth. Like many great authors Shakespeare wrote about the consequences one had to face after judging another person based upon their appearance. The important theme of appearance vs. realityRead MoreThe True Diary Of A Part Time Indian1572 Words   |  7 Pages People always say don’t judge a book by its cover, yet constantly, we all do it. We pick up a book and immediately, by instinct, we judge it by what we see. It is the same for all things in life. It is only human nature to judge things based on appearance. We look at how someone or something appears, and without even trying, we make assumptions or judge that thing, person, or situation. Throughout my semester in English 10A, I have come across many situations in which appearance affectsRead MoreAnalysis Of Flannery OConnors Everything That Rises Must Converge1428 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge† by Flannery O’Connor exhibits dynamic characters and complex themes. In an attempt to show the underlying bigotry and quick-to-judge mentality throughout American society, O’Connor tells the story of Julian, a grown man still living at home, who is taking his mother to the YMCA for a weight-reducing class. His mother refu ses to ride the bus alone now that public transportation is integrated. On the way to the Y, Julian attempts several times to annoy hisRead More The Dark Side of Judge Pyncheon in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Novel, The House of the Seven Gables557 Words   |  3 PagesThe Dark Side of Judge Pyncheon in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Novel, The House of the Seven Gables People in society live in a masquerade. Everyone wears a decoratively adorned mask that displays beauty, purity, and service. However, behind the mask lies on the inside of all society. One will stop at nothing in order to be well liked, thus becoming hypocrites. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The House of the Seven Gables, the narrator uses intense diction, a vivid selection of detail, and a shockingRead MoreThe Power Of The Visual Image891 Words   |  4 PagesCan Blind You Ones’ appearance is not the only determinant of knowing if the person is evil or good. As seen in Felix, and an old man in the forest, and other minor characters in Shelley’s Frankenstein are too quick to make a judgment of the person based on his or her appearance. Beauty does not indicate one is good while being ugly does not say that you are evil. In Frankenstein’s, the creature is the victim of the component of appearance because his ugly appearance leads people to loathe him andRead MoreMy First Day At A New School859 Words   |  4 PagesAvalon, my forehead was already forming little droplets of sweat. But I wasn’t perspiring because of the humidity levels it was for the fact that I was about to start my first day at a new school. It’s an intimidating experience going to school with people you don’t know but it’s also worthwhile because we have the chance to make new friends. Anyway, as I stepped into the, â€Å"newly renovated ,† building I was utterly disappointed with the size of it. On the outside it looked like a decent size building

Funeral Blues free essay sample

Blues is the type of music that was used in the time of slavery. Slaves listened to this type of music to make them forget about their troubles and to give them hope. (Eng 111 tut, 2012). Blues has its deepest roots in the work songs of West African slaves in the South. During their back breaking work they developed a â€Å"call and response† way of singing to give rhythm to the drudgery of their servitude. The poem ‘funeral blues’ is written in the first person, this makes it more personal because he tells us about the writers personal feelings about a loss of someone he loved dearly and it tells us about the way he feels about the person he lost and how he cannot go on without this person. The writer is upset and angry about his loss. He says â€Å"stop all the clocks†(line 1) something that can be done literally by removing the batteries but not figuratively by stopping time. We will write a custom essay sample on Funeral Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a way in which the writer utters his distress. He also goes on saying â€Å"cut of the telephone (line 1)† / â€Å"prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone (line 2)† / â€Å"silence the pianos (line 3)†. This is a way that the writer shows us that he does not want to be reminded of everyday life. At first I thought that the writers partner died but because the speaker way in which he expresses things in (line 4) â€Å"bring out the coffin, let the mourners come†, that is so disrespectful, something that someone would not say at a funeral, could it be that the he was dumped and feels hurt and angry at this person and this is just a way in which he expresses himself? The writer thinks that everybody should be feeling the way he does, he believes that it is not a time for others to enjoy themselves this is why he wants his loss to made into a public spectacle, he says ‘let the aeroplanes circle moaning over head (line5)’, this is a way the speaker emphasizes his desperate need for public mourning. The sound of an aeroplane, it is not a moaning sound but because the partner meant so much to the writer, he feels that even things that have no emotion and feelings should also mourn with him. Scribbling on the sky He Is dead(line 6)† when reading this phrase I can see how much the person meant to the writer because of the use of capital letters in â€Å"He Is Dead(line 6)† the phrase also gives a sense of finality that the loss of the speakers partner is beginning to sink in. Also by â€Å"Scribbling on the sky He Is dead (line 6)† everybody in the entire world will see and realize what terrible event has occurred. He says â€Å" Put crepe bows round the white necks of public doves(line 7)† he is referring that all peace has gone and is blemished and weighed down with this loss. Traffic policemen who wears white gloves ,he ask them to wear black gloves ,even though these people are not associated with mourning all that he thinks about is everybody from far and wide should share in his emotion. Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves (line 8)† With all the impossible commands that the poet request in the poem, ‘Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead (line5)’ / ‘scribbling on the sky the message he is dead (line6)‘/ ’put crepe bows round the white necks of public doves (line 7)’ / ‘let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves(line8)’ , this shows me that the poet thinks that his loss is worthy of such self mockery. The writer describes the closeness of his partner and their relationship by claiming that he was his everything â€Å"he was my North, my South, my East and West (line9)’. He has only just realised that his loss is the end to their relationship. Also by him saying that he was my everything ‘my north, south, east and west (line 9)’, he expresses how life cannot go on without his beloved and how everything in his life is a reminder of pain because of the loss. The writer has given so much of himself to the relationship he goes on saying,†my working week and my Sunday rest (line10)†, the writer expresses how everything aspect of his life was associated with this person, â€Å"my noon my midnight my talk my song (line 11), also meaning that the partner was everything to him, his partner was his world. By saying â€Å"I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong (line12)† it confirms that the partner did not die, the writer was rejected by the partner. He was also naive to believe that love would last forever because in a relationship two people can love each other but if the one person gives 90 percent and the other 10 percent that relationship is bound to fail. The last stanza the writer emphasizes on the useless and worthless life he is going to have without his ex-lover . he continues with his impossible commands and says things like, â€Å"the stars are not wanted now: put out everyone; (line 13)† / â€Å"pack up the moon and dismantle the sun;(line 14) /†pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood;(line 15) / â€Å"for nothing now can ever come to any good. line 16)† , simply because life and everything in it is meaningless now that his lover is gone. To conclude the poem is an insight to expect these things. It is proven that everyone has a need to be loved (Maslow hierarchy needs), being rejected by someone you love is without a doubt a horrible feeling, but it is important that one deal with it. In the poem the writer expressed lots of anger and sadness.

London Church Furniture

London Church Furniture is a small, privately owned company that specializes in the production of church furnishings. It has been in business for fifty eight years and employs an average of thirty employees.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on London Church Furniture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Product The company’s product strategy is based on three major qualities: service, installation and quality. The company prides itself in using the finest quality of materials. Its furniture is made of genuine oak, which is renowned for its strength and attractiveness. The company also gives a warranty of 25 years when a client purchases a product from them. Most of the furnishings are made by hand in order to ascertain that adequate quality control is maintained in most of its products. The firm employs proven manufacturing methods for some automated processes such as staining, finishing and upholstering. Custome rs can also benefit from a wide selection of colors and patterns. Furthermore, it uses only the highest standards to make its foam fabrics flame resistant. Lastly, and most importantly, the organization specializes in church furniture. This means that it has mastered its craft. Dwelling on one line of furnishings has made the organization highly proficient in this sector. Examples of these products include frontal screens, pulpits, stackable chairs, communion rails and church pews (London Church Furniture par 5). Price structure The company’s furniture is competitively priced. Since the organization sells most of its products locally and lacks retail stores, then it does not need to include retail and distribution mark ups. Furthermore, the organization works with clients in order to meet their budgetary needs. However, most of its products have standard rates depending on the unit length. For instance, upholstered seats go for $60 per lineal foot while benches cost $33 per l ineal foot. A customer will pay for what he or she needs. Prices are adjusted to suit the church’s available space and number of units required. Distribution This organization only has one retail centre. Customers who need to see the products physically have to visit the company’s showroom at Kentucky. Alternatively, they may use the company website. If one needs to make an order, one may get the company’s catalogues via email after submitting one’s details online.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One may also get this information personally from the company showroom. The company distributes its products to different churches in Eastern US. It offers shipping services that depend on the client’s location and mileage needs. The company’s strategy is to leverage on the internet, rather than traditional retail stores, to make the goods easily available to buyers. Promotional strategy The company does not employ aggressive promotional campaigns because it believes in establishing relationships with its clientele. However, it has used print media such as newspapers in order to let consumers know about its offerings. Furthermore, the organization uses the internet to promote its products. One can find its product offerings on websites like adpost.com and websitelooker.com. It also employs social networking websites such as facebook and iLike. These unconventional methods allow satisfied customers to tell other people about the products at London Church Furniture thus creating momentum for them. Conclusion This organization’s marketing strategy is based on its specificity and quality. The company’s small size allows it to provide that personal touch to clients, and this is its value proposition. Works Cited London Church Furniture. Home page. LTC. Kentucky. 2011. Web. This report on London Church Furniture was written and submitted by user V10let to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog Happy 109th Birthday, Dr.Seuss!

Happy 109th Birthday, Dr.Seuss! Theodor Geisel, best known to fans as Dr. Seuss, would have been 109 years old on March 2.   He is beloved for his intricate rhymes and curious, inimitable style. But Dr. Seuss was about more than a curious turn of phrase and the creator of fantastical creatures. He was a serious writer and artist with a social agenda. Personally, I learned about prejudice from his book  The Star-Belly Sneetches: Now, the Star-Bell Sneetches had bellies with stars. The Plain-Belly Sneetches had none upon thars. Those stars weren’t so big. They were really so small. You might think such a thing wouldn’t matter at all. But, because they had stars, all the Star-Belly Sneetches Would brag, â€Å"We’re the best kind of Sneetch on the beaches.† With their snoots in the air, they would sniff and they’d snort â€Å"We’ll have nothing to do with the Plain-Belly sort!† And, whenever they met some, when they were out walking, They’d hike right on past them without even talking. When the Star-Belly children went out to play ball, Could a Plain Belly get in the game? Not at all. You only could play if your bellies had stars And the Plain-Belly children had none upon thars. I learned about conservation from  The Lorax: At the far end of town where the Grickle-grass grows and the wind smells slow-and-sour when it blows and no birds ever sing excepting old crows is the Street of the Lifted Lorax. And deep in the Grickle-grass, some people say, if you look deep enough you can still see, today, where the Lorax once stood just as long as it could before somebody lifted the Lorax away. What was the Lorax? Any why was it there? And why was it lifted and taken somewhere from the far end of town where the Grickle-grass grows? The old  Once-ler  still lives here. Ask him. He knows. Now that I am an adult and a writer myself, I marvel at Geisels technical expertise and his ability to make the seemingly simple deeply meaningful. Here is his explanation of what it means to write simply. Happy birthday, Dr. Seuss.

Balancing Life and Responsibility Research Paper

Balancing Life and Responsibility - Research Paper Example The project involved operations in different locations. While operations within the office majorly required office work, field operations were more involving and subjected team members and their supervisor to adverse conditions such as cold weather and dust. It was therefore equitable to alternate team members between office and the field for a fair experience. My two project supervisors were therefore expected to alternate but one of them reported allergic reactions that could not allow her to work in the field under the then conditions. The other supervisor equally needed a break from the field as members of his team were accorded. This created a dilemma because while each of the supervisors’ needs was justified, I did not have extra personnel to supervise the field apart from the two. I therefore had the option of compelling the allergic supervisor to honor her contractual obligations and go to the field or to protect her life by compelling the other supervisor to work in t he field since that was still part of his contractual obligation (Badaracco, 1998). I applied a directive approach of situational leadership to resolve the dilemma (Blanchard, 2008). I balance my professional identity and personal identity by avoiding conflict of interest in my professional scope of work and avoiding personal attachments to involved processes. This is because personal identity involves personal traits with emotional attachments and a conflict with professional identity may undermine decision-making and compromise professional roles. I therefore ensure a balance between the two identities by being emotionally sober and ensuring that I identify organization’s interest and policies in every decision (Badaracco, 1998). Professional identity and personal identity are different in their scope of development and application. Personal identity is derived from social setups and experiences and majorly applies to family setups and informal

Development in Oil and Gas Retail industries Essay

Development in Oil and Gas Retail industries - Essay Example The standard for spot prices for crude oil is considered as Brent crude oil. The prices of crude oil in the Brent crude oil index have been varying from $100 to $115 since 2012. In this period the supply of the liquid fuel has increased in the countries of North America especially the USA and Canada. However there has been an equivalent drop in the production and sell of crude oil from countries of the North Africa and some countries in the Middle East. While increase in supply from USA and Canada have brought into the market an additional 4 million barrels per day of crude oil since 2008, supply disruption and outages in North Africa and Middle East have largely offset this effect and prevented the prices from falling down. It is estimated that unplanned oil production outages have caused an average of 2.7 million barrels per day over the past two years and another fact is that the outages have increased from 1.8 million barrels per day in 2012 to about 3.5 million barrels per day i n May 2014. The main outages have been caused by OPEC countries such as Libya and Iran and non-OPEC countries such as South Sudan and Syria. The most problematic factor and the riskiness of the matter is that it is very difficult to predict when the supplies will return to normal levels given the geopolitical tabulations that are going on in these countries. The demand for oil has remained on the lower side in the recent years and this has contributed to the oil prices remaining stable for a large part of the recent years. The demand growth from countries outside the OECD has slowed down due to the fact that economic growth in the countries such as China, India, and Brazil has decreased in the recent years. The slower growth in the economies of these countries has correspondingly seen a decrease in the demand of the liquid in comparison to the past two decades. The consumption of liquid had reached a peak of 50

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay

History Of Police Interviewing In England And Wales Criminology Essay CHAPTER 1- Interviewing suspects and witnesses is a basic operation of policing all over the world. In England and Wales, pre PACE, historically there was no formal interview training for police officers and officers learnt how to interview through observation of other police officers. Thus, the best evidence of guilt was confessions and theoretically good interviewers were those who could convince suspects to confess to crimes. Police interviews prior 1984 were governed by Judges Rules, these were just guidelines for the officers who they were allowed to execute interviews unrecorded and then to write a report of the interview from memory. Afterwards, officers memory of the interview was presented in court from the handwriting report. The dangers of this are self-evident officers can pick up bad practises or miss valuable information. Eventually investigations can be damaged, disrupted or even destroyed. The secrecy of the police interview room led to widespread concern about the tactics used to extract confessions things like intimidation, oppression, deception, and even physical violence (Leo, 1992). It has been shown that these tactics can lead to false confessions, in which case a double miscarriage of justice occurs not only is an innocent person convicted but the true offender remains free (Gudjonsson, 1992). The aim of this chapter is to discuss the old investigative interviewing which led to miscarriages of justice. Also, what was happening to police interviewing, why false confessions were frequent phenomenon and what types of false confessions exist. An important theme is public perception about police interviewing at this historical time. Finally the primary improvements that have been done, such as PACE and Circulars 7 and 22. Miscarriages of Justice When the term miscarriages of justice is used, it usually refers to what are called questionable convictions or wrongful convictions. Walker (1999: 52-5) summarises the causes of questionable convictions which are: fabrication of evidence, unreliable identification of an offender by the police or witnesses, unreliable expert evidence, unreliable confessions resulting from police pressure or the vulnerability of suspects, non disclosure of evidence by the police or prosecution, the conduct of the trial and problems associated with appeals procedures. However, the term miscarriages of justice as relating to questionable convictions is itself partly adequate (Adler and Gray, 2010). Consequently, the term can also occur when there is no action, inaction or questionable actions, whereby an offence has taken place but no action or insufficient action or interference has followed. Questionable actions include police unprofessional conduct and lack of ability (e.g, failures to investigate ef fectively, poor treatment of victims and their family), insufficient prosecution processes (poor communication with police, risk avoidance ), and problematic trial practices (hostile cross examination of witness, weak presentation of the prosecution case). Therefore, questionable actions represent police failure to identify suspects and to press charges, the lack of success of the prosecution to mount a case, the collapse of the prosecution case during the trial and as a result, agencies ineffectiveness to inform or support victims and their families (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). Traditionally, the primary aim of police investigators has been to obtain a confession from the primary suspect, the confession being seen by officers to be the key of a successful investigation and the predominant means by which a conviction can be secured. To understand why a confession was so pivotal concern it is essential to consider the operation of various systems of justice. In an adversarial system, the judge is considered to be neutral during the trial process and should leave the presentation of the case to the prosecution and defence who prepare their case, call and examine witnesses. According to Zander (1994), the adversarial system is not a search for the truth. The inquisitorial system aim to be a search for the truth, in this system the judge is not neutral but will play critical role in the presentation of the evidence at the trial. The Judge calls and examines the defendant and the witness. While the trial is in progress lawyers for the prosecution and defence can merely ask complementary questions. The Royal Commission stated that It is important not to overstate the differences between the two systems because all adversarial systems contain inquisitorial elements and vice versa (Runciman, 1993). The court was not interested in the truth; it just had to decide whether punishment has been applied beyond all rational doubt. Therefore, it is not surprising that confession evidence had priority and investigators relied on a confession within the investigation process. Certainly, investigators focused on a confession and to attain a confession used coercive methods, allowing the investigation team to move on to the next case. False confessions lead to false convictions, thus police officers reproduced miscarriages of justice within their behaviour and interviewing tactics (Newburn, Williamson and Wright, 2007). False confessions lead to false convictions In the UK and other countries, a number of miscarriages of justice have established that false confessions occur and a large number of these are due to factors which exist within the interview context. Kassin and McNall (1991) analysed the tactics described by Inbau, Reid and Buckley (1986) which lead to false confessions; and found two categories: maximisation, where interviewers use scare tactics to intimidate a suspect believe to be guilty and minimisation, where interviewers underrate the offence seriousness and charges. Three categories of false confessions were identified by Gudjonsson and MacKeith (1988) and expanded by Shepherd (1996). These categories are as follows: Voluntary false confession Voluntary false confessions occur when the interviewee falsely confesses for personal reason without pressure. Possible reasons that suspect give false confession are: to exempt feelings of guilt about a real or imagined crime or situation in the past (this is most possible to happen for people with depression, Gudjonsson, 1992). To pre-empt further investigation of a more serious offence; to cover up the real culprit; to gain notoriety- a wish to become infamous and to enhance ones self esteem; an inability to distinguish reality from imagination(people with schizophrenia); to take a revenge on another and to hide other non criminal actions. Coerced-compliant false confession Coerced-compliant false confessions arise when the interviewee agrees to make a confession in order to make some kind of gain. This category of false confession occur from social influence factor; compliance. Compliance is a change in ones behaviour for contributory purposes, it is first found in Aschs (1956) primary studies of conformity and Milgrams (1974) research on obedience to authority. Interviewee sees the short term advantages of confessing (being released) outweighing the long term costs (such as prosecution and imprisonment). People, who are passable to compliance such as people with learning disabilities, may be especially vulnerable to this type of false confession. Coerced-internalised false confession The last category is a coerced-internalised false confession in such cases suspects come to believe that they are guilty because they no longer trust their own memory of certain details. This type of false confession derives from a cognitive effect and refers to the internal acceptance of beliefs held by others. An interviewee who is anxious, tired and confused actually comes to believe he or she committed the crime. The suspects memory may be altered in interviewing process. This can be linked to the false memory syndrome. The memory distrust syndrome concerns interviewees who distrust their own memory and consequently depend on external guide for information (in this particular situation -interviewer, Wolchover Heaton-Amstrong, 1996). This syndrome can be explained in two ways. The first relates to amnesia or memory damage. The interviewee has no clear memory and does not remember if he committed the crime or not. Also he or she does not remember what exactly happened the time of the crime. This may be due to amnesia or alcohol induced memory problems. The second way occurs when the interviewee is aware that he or she did not commit the crime and when the interviewer makes cases, manipulates the interviewee with suggestions. The suspect mistrusts his or her self and start thinking if he or she committed the crime. Ofshe (1989), stated that three common personality characteristics are situated on people who give this type of false confessions. They trust in people of authority, lack of self confidence and heightened suggestibility. Gudjonsson (1997) also argued, the false belief and false memories in cases of coerced- internalised false confession are most commonly developed as a result of manipulative interviewing techniques. Gudjonsson and Clark (1986) also introduced the theory of suggestibility which is a theoretical model of interrogative suggestibility and arises from a social cognitive viewpoint. It is argued, that most people would be susceptible to suggestions if the necessary conditions of uncertainty, interpersonal trust and heightened expectations are present. Implicit in such a model is the assumption that interrogative suggestibility is a distinct type of suggestibility. Gudjonsson also points out that; suggestibility is, to a certain extent, influenced by situational factors and experience. IS is defined as the extent to which, within a closed social interaction, people come to accept messages communicated during formal questioning, as a result of which their su bsequent behavioural response is affected (Gudjonsson and Clark, 1986). The IS is comprise two separate susceptibilities: to yield to leading questions, where yielding regards to the reliability of testimony and closely reflects memory processes; and to shift the primary answer in response to negative feedback, where shifting is related to coping process which are mainly affected by personality traits and experience (convicted in past, Gudjonsson, 1992). The literature on miscarriages of justice highlights the role of coercion in obtaining confessions and the problem with convictions based only or mainly on confessions. Using unfair means and tactics to secure a conviction is sometimes known as noble cause corruption. That is to say, so strong is the desire to achieve a correct conviction that any means to that end are justified. The adversarial process combined with the pressure for a quick result creates noble cause corruption. Resounding examples are Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, which have been described in newspapers as the worst miscarriages of justice in England in the last century. The Guildford four took palce on 5 October 1974, in which members of the Irish Republican Army planted bombs in two public houses in Guildford, Surrey: the Horse Groom and the Seven Stars. The attacks left five people killed and over 100 injured. Kennedy (1989) describes how Conlon, came to sign his confession and what previously happened. Pol ice officers were violent and immoral. As Conlon stated I was crying and frightened. Simmons said if I didnt make a statement, he would ring Belfast first thing in the morning and I would never see my mother or sister again. The last of my resistance shattered when he said this. I was crying and shaking uncontrollably. I said my family hadnt done anything. I fell apart. Simmons said what happened to my family was up to me. I said I would make a statement like they wanted, but it wouldnt be true as I really didnt do it (Kennedy, 1989). The four men spent 15 years in prison before the case was overturned in 1989 after a new police investigation had found serious flaws in the way Surrey police noted the confessions of the four: that the notes taken were not written up immediately and officers may have colluded in the wording of the statements (Gudjonsson, 2003). Another event happened as it was called The Birmingham Six, after one month when Guildford four took place, namely on 21 Nove mber 1974. Two public houses In Birmingham were bombed by the IRA in which 21 people were killed and more than 160 were injured. Six men were convicted for this crime and they were released after 16 years (in 1991) Scientists admitted in court that forensic tests which were originally said to confirm two of the six had been handling explosives could have produced the same results from handling cigarettes (Gudjonsson,2003). In Guildford four, the confessions that had been central of their conviction in 1975 were shown to be unreliable and in, sometimes fabricated. In the second case, Birmingham Six, the confession was discredited. Thomas Heron, who was on trial for the murder of a young girl, was acquitted when the interviews, which led to his confession, were dismissed by the trial judge as oppressive. In this case interviews were recorded in compare of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six in which the interviews were not recorded. The Police Studies Institute Report found (1983) that the most widespread opinion about police interviewing and the most popular police misconduct is that police officers threatening and the use of unfair pressure. Around fifty percent of the respondents believed that police use threats and pressure at least sometimes but the more important is twenty five percent thought that it often happens and this was a usual behaviour of police officers. A de facto percentage of Londoners believed that other kinds of misconduct happened at least once in a while. Around ten percent of Londoners thought police officers fabricate evidence and use inexcusable violence on people were detained at police stations. The findings of this research showed the public perception which was negative and critical against police. . The majority of Londoners had serious doubt about police conduct. People did not trust police interviewing, it showed that there was a complete lack of confidence and reliability (Smit h 1983: 325). One third of young white people thought the police often used threats or unreasonable pressure during custodial questioning while 62 per cent of young people of West Indian descent believed that they did so. Therefore, people were critical of police where they had a high degree of conduct with the police or they were subject to a high level of victimisation (Jones et al, 1986). The successful appeals of Guildford Four and Birmingham Six and the acquittal of Heron received widespread publicity and brought heavy criticism of the police and affected public opinion. A general public survey found that 73 per cent of the participants believed that the police broke the rules to obtain convictions (Williamson, 1991). By 1993 police interviews were described as a grave concern (Shepherd 1993). These surveys provide a rich picture of the nature and quality of the relationship between the citizen and the police in the past (Williamson, 2005). By the 1970s and 1980s in England and Wales it was clear that the legitimacy of the criminal justice system was at stake. Something had to be done. This became the focus of policy making. Such were the concerns that the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1981) was set up, in turn leading to the passing in 1984 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) a key piece of legislation to monitor, amongst other things, the integrity of evidence production (Maguire, 2003) Through PACE (enacted 1986), police interviews with suspects were to be tape-recorded. This, it was hoped, meant the old regime of police investigations would be brought to an end and police interviews should be open to scrutiny (Lea, 2004). PACE suggested that investigation should separate from prosecution and should have an independent investigation service. Scientists with educational background should work in these laboratories and help the police to investigations and police officers had to be trained. All pol ice manuals are based on experience rather than objective and scientific data. Experience is invaluable to police work and its usefulness is illustrated by the effectiveness of the techniques recommended. However, relying solely upon experience in determining procedure may create serious pitfalls and fail to bring to light important facts about human behaviour, such as the susceptibility of some suspects to give erroneous information when placed under interviewing pressure. What is needed is more research into the effectiveness and pitfalls of different interviewing techniques. Also they argued that forensic laboratories should be independent from police. Home Office Circular 22/1992 provides the following seven principles of investigative interviewing: 1. The role of investigative interviewing is to obtain accurate and reliable information from suspects, witnesses or victims in order to discover the truth about matters under police investigation. 2. Investigative interviewing should be approached with an open mind. Information obtained from the person who is being interviewed should always be tested against what the interviewing officer already knows or what can reasonably be established. 3. When questioning anyone a police officer must act fairly in the circumstances of each individual case. 4. The police interviewer is not bound to accept the first answer given. Questioning is not unfair merely because it is persistent. 5. Even when the right to silence is exercised by a suspect the police still have a right to put questions. 6. When conducting an interview, police officers are free to ask questions in order to establish the truth; except for interviews with child victims of sexual or violent abuse which are to be used in criminal proceedings, they are not constrained by the rules applied to lawyers in court. 7. Vulnerable people, whether victims, witnesses or suspects, must be treated with particular consideration at all times. Questioning also may be considered oppressive if the officer asks: multiple questions (i.e. several questions rolled into one); ambiguous questions (i.e. where the potential answers have more than one meaning); irrelevant questions (i.e. questions which have no logical connection with the police enquiry); questions concerning other offences; hypothetical questions; questions based on dubious or non-existent evidence; questions concerning a co-suspect. (Home Office Circular 22/1992) The effectiveness of Pace is debatable, on the one hand McConville and colleagues suggested in 1991 that little of police interviews had changed especially in relation to interrogative suggestibility. Namely, the tape recording of interviews had not changed the power relations in the whole interview process, principally the fact that Interrogation takes place in an environment which increases the vulnerability of the suspect and maximises the authority and control of the police (1991, p78). On the other hand, Ede and Shepherd (2000, p109) stated that tape recording of PACE interviews led to a sharp decline in forceful interviewing and revealed the widespread ineptitude of police officers in the interviewing role In the same concept Milne and Bull (2003) report experience officers views. Since the 1986 introduction of PACE regarding audio-taping interviews with suspects, police interviews have become better planned, more structured, and the use of trickery and deceit has all but vanis hed (p121) . PACE appears to have markedly reduced the number of manipulative and persuasive techniques that police officers use when interrogating suspects, except perhaps in the most serious cases (Milne and Bull, 1999). Interestingly, there appears to have been no overall effects on the confession rate of suspects. The reason that police interviewing was still poor (Baldwin, 1992) was because of police role in the investigation of offences was still one of persuading suspects to confess rather than engaging in a process of inquiry, which was a search for the truth. The persistence on confession evidence also meant that witness and victims were often ignored, not seen as an important part of the investigation process, consequently were not interviewed methodically and so were not capable to present all the information they were competent of giving as evidence (Adler and Grey, 2010). Obviously, there was a need for a change of investigative interviewing to meet the ideals of the new legislation and to prevent challenges to the evidence achieved through questioning. This constituted in the establishment of a national committee on investigative interviewing that involved police officers, lawyers and psychologists. That result was the beginning of the PEACE interviewing model (Milne et al, 2007).

A Separate Peace Essays - Gene’s Enemies -- Separate Peace Essays

Gene’s Enemies   Adam and Eve had a perfect Garden of Eden, until Eve ate the apple and contaminated the garden.   In being tricked by the snake, Eve betrayed God’s word.   Mankind has often betrayed others because of the darkness in their heart.   In A Separate Peace, John Knowles uses Phineas as a sacrificial lamb to portray Gene’s savage side and demonstrate that peace can never be achieved at a worldwide level until man accepts the darkness in his own heart. Gene believes that Finny and he hate each other, until he realizes Finny’s pureness, which Gene can not stand.   At first, Gene believes that Finny wants to exceed him, and that the two are rivals.   Everyone at Devon likes Finny.   The teachers adore him, the students look up to him, the athletes aspire to be like him.   Finny has no enemies.   Gene, however, sees through Finny’s â€Å"cover† and thinks they hate each other.   He hates Finny for beating A. Hopkins swimming record, and for making him jump from the tree, and for being better than Gene.   When Finny takes Gene to the beach, Finny tells Gene that they are â€Å"best pals.†Ã‚   Gene does not respond to Finny’s sincere gesture because he thinks Finny wants to sabotage him.   Gene realizes that he and Finny are â€Å"even after all, even in enmity.   The deadly rivalry was on both sides after all† (46).   Gene has no proof of Finny’s hatred, but Gene need s to find a way to be even with Finny.   Once he decides they are even, he must now surpass Finny, so he jounces the limb.   Gene’s hatred takes over, only now he realizes that the hatred only comes from one side.   Finny is pure.   He never hates Gene; he loves Gene like he loves everyone else.   Ge... ... past, it would go away.   Instead the â€Å"stale air† rushes out at him when he reopens the door and causes him to deal with his feelings all at once, drenching him.   Gene has gone through another rite of passage, on top of his graduation, baptism, jumping from the tree, and Finny’s funeral.   By letting out the â€Å"stale air† and understanding his inner self, Gene reaches his â€Å"separate peace.†Ã‚   As a result, Gene becomes a sadder, but wiser, man. Gene’s experiences throughout the novel, along with Phineas’ death, contribute to his survival and progression as a person.   Gene realizes the only enemy he ever had was himself, and becomes pure and Phineas-filled after he confronts and conquers himself. Knowles compares a New England prep school to the Garden of Eden to show man’s flawed nature and that man always ruins what he can not understand.   

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom Little, better known as Malcolm X were major figures in the civil rights movement in the United States. Despite fighting for the same cause, which is to see that all individuals in the United States are indeed equal regardless of race, both men take a different approach in furthering the cause. They both decried the injustice committed against the black people by the whites and wanted to see it come to an end. It was for this reason that the civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1960’s. The most obvious difference is the stance they took in pursuing their goal. Little, who became Malcolm X after converting to Islam, puts emphasis on self-empowerment among the black people, as well as other racial groups in the US for that matter; that they should use any means necessary to win their freedom and equality if society would continue to marginalize them. In trying to understand why Malcolm X was rather militant in his appraoch to the point of being â€Å"nationalistic,† one has to understand that he was born and raised in a ghetto where life was rough which resulted in the murder of his father and his mother committed to a mental institution. In as much as he deplored the racists, he also deplored whites who pretended to sympathize with them and pay lip service to their support of their cause. It is for this reason why he wanted thje blacks to empower themselves because he felt nobody will do it for them (Breitman, 1965, p. 26). King was brought up in a well-to-do family in spite of their race and he â€Å"borrowed† the approach taken by Mahatma Gandhi of nonviolent resistance as the means to accomplish their goal owing to his avocation as a minister who eschewed violence. King agreed with Gandhi’s principle that the oppressors need to see the evil they are committing to make them stop; for to fight back would make them further justify their actions. If Malcolm X were to have his way, he could have dragged America to another civil war, especially if he intended to use Islam as a vehicle to advance his cause, whereas King used a combination of Christian faith and Gandhi’s teachings which is compatible to the former (Vander Lei & Miller, 1999, pp. 84-85). Both men were assassinated for they were seen as a threat by their opponents. In the end, the civil rights movement was successful when the government passed a series of laws that once and for all ended segregation. The impact was not immediate and its effect was felt gradually through the passage of time and the proof that it was successful was evident with the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States. And if one were to ask who would get the credit, the most likely answer would be Martin Luther King Jr. and his Gandhi-

Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection Essay example

Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection The latter end of [this] commonwealth forgets the beginning. ?William Shakespeare, The Tempest From Platos The Republic to Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, the search for a perfect social state has never stopped; its ultimate goal of achieving a human society that exists in absolute harmony with all due social justice, however, has proved to be woefully elusive. The pure concept of a utopia can be theoretically visualized as a perfect geometric circle: one that is seamless, all-inclusive, yet impossible to draw out in reality. In 1516, Sir Thomas More depicted in his famed Utopia what he envisioned to be an ideal state?one that frees its citizens from material worries by mandating†¦show more content†¦what else is this, I ask, but first making them thieves and then punishing them for it? (More 14) What, then, is the root of all these evils? According to Hythloday, it is the economic system that is built upon the fundamental principle of private ownership: So long as private property remains, there is no hope at all of effecting a cure and restoring society to good health (More, 29) Utopia has no currency, no use for precious metals or luxury of any sort, and most importantly abolishes private ownership. The result, as Hythloday mythically describes it, is a perfect world in which people leave in accord because they are cut off from the source of greed and envy. In this world, people develop a complete detachment to the unnecessary material life because they do not own anything except for their own bodies. Yet despite its apparent seamlessness, this theory is doomed to fall apart when it is subjected to examination from the capitalistic perspective. 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